Romania — Country Profile
Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Romania: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna Power score (--/100, ranked #-- of 195).
Last updated: October 2026
Romania — in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine. Political status: semi-presidential republic. It covers 238,391 sq km. 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed). Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps. Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers wi…
| Capital | Bucharest |
|---|---|
| Population | 18,148,155 (2024 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $774.376 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $40,600 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 0.8% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 5.7% (2024 est.) |
| Unemployment | 5.4% (2024 est.) |
| Public debt | 50.9% of GDP (2022 est.) |
| Exports | $136.253 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $159.575 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 76.9 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 45.8 years (2025 est.) |
| Urbanization | 54.7% of total population (2023) |
| Government | semi-presidential republic |
| Independence | 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed) |
| Languages | Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.) |
Romania’s GDP is $774.376 billion (2024 est.) in purchasing-power-parity terms. At official exchange rates it stands at $382.768 billion (2024 est.). Real GDP grew 0.8% (2024 est.). See where Romania ranks among all 195 countries by GDP.
POWER --/100 — The Magna Power score is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — nine components, 135 indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum 0 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
Steadiness was the quarter's defining trait: no rupture, no windfall, no surprise strong enough to move the score.
The trajectory remains set by fundamentals that change over years, not quarters — and this quarter changed little.
- What our model rewards: unemployment near 5.4% — work for whoever wants it; $73 billion in foreign-exchange reserves — a war chest for crises
- What drags it down: a current-account deficit of $32 billion (8.4% of GDP) — living beyond its means
Oil, Timber, Natural gas, Coal, Iron ore, Salt, Hydropower.
Energy is the physical base of economic power — what a country can generate, move and burn decides what it can build, sell and defend.
| Electricity access | 100% (2022 est.) |
|---|---|
| Installed capacity mix (CIA) | fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) |
| Energy consumption per capita (CIA) | 59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.) |
| Primary energy consumption (OWID) | 355.5 TWh (2024) |
| Electricity generation (OWID) | 52.9 TWh (2024) |
| Energy per capita (OWID) | 18,694 kWh per person (2024) |
| Electricity generation mix (OWID) | Hydro 26.6%, Nuclear 20.4%, Gas 18.6%, Coal 13.0%, Wind 12.2%, Solar 7.9%, Oil 0.4% (2024) |
| Low-carbon share of electricity (OWID) | 68.0% (2024) |
| Carbon intensity of electricity (OWID) | 245.6 gCO2/kWh (2024) |
Sources: CIA World Factbook, Energy section; Our World in Data (IEA/Ember), 2024.
Trade shows what the world buys from a country and what the country must buy from the world — the balance between the two is a direct measure of economic leverage.
| Exports | $136.253 billion (2024 est.) |
|---|---|
| Imports | $159.575 billion (2024 est.) |
| Trade balance (calculated) | Deficit of $23.3 billion (2024), calculated from the CIA export and import figures above. |
| Key industries | electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials |
Source: CIA World Factbook, Economy section.
Ilie Bolojan — Prime Minister. President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
Romania maintains 92 embassies and 49 consulates abroad, hosts 83 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, UN Geneva, EU Brussels, NATO Brussels, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 92 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 49 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 83 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, UN Geneva, EU Brussels, NATO Brussels, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg |
Source: Abroad: Consular Affairs Center, of-country ranking, Mar 2026 (92/49), Zenodo https://zenodo.org/records/18917562/ . Hosted: Consular Affairs Center, in-country ranking, Jan 2026 (Bucharest 83). Multilateral rosters as for AUT.
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Coastal — 225 km of coastline. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 103 + 24 heliports (registration prefix YR) |
| Major seaports | Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea |
| Railways | 10628 km |
| Pipelines | 3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013) |
Major airports
Avram Iancu Cluj International Airport (CLJ) — Cluj-Napoca; Bacău George Enescu International Airport (BCM) — Bacău; Brașov-Ghimbav International Airport (GHV) — Brașov (Ghimbav); Bucharest Băneasa Aurel Vlaicu International Airport (BBU) — Bucharest; Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport (OTP) — Otopeni; Craiova International Airport (CRA) — Craiova; Iaşi International Airport (IAS) — Iaşi; Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport (CND) — Constanța; Oradea International Airport (OMR) — Oradea; Sibiu International Airport (SBZ) — Sibiu.
Showing 10 of 15 major airports.
Terminals
| River ports | Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River) |
|---|
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | semi-presidential republic |
|---|---|
| Last election | 2025 — presidential; 2025-05-18 (runoff; first round 2025-05-04); winner: Nicușor Dan (Independent); 2024 presidential election annulled over alleged Russian interference; May 2025 was a re-run Wikipedia / The Munich Eye |
| Next election | 2030 — presidential (scheduled) |
Source: constitutional schedule / public election calendar
POWER --/100 Ranked #-- of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Romania.
Historical timeline of Romania
This profile covers the population, economy, natural resources, leaders, and history of Romania — with the Bureau’s live national-power score of --/100, ranking #-- of 195 countries.
What is Romania's power score?
Romania has a Magna Power score of --/100. The score measures structural power — the proven capacity to shape events — across nine components.