Bosnia and Herzegovina — Country Profile
Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna Power score (--/100, ranked #-- of 195).
Last updated: October 2026
Bosnia and Herzegovina is in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia. It covers 51,197 sq km. Terrain: mountains and valleys. Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast.
| Capital | Sarajevo |
|---|---|
| Population | 3,653,499 (2025 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $64.641 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $20,400 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 2.5% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 1.7% (2024 est.) |
| Unemployment | 10.8% (2024 est.) |
| Public debt | 40.3% of GDP (2023 est.) |
| Exports | $12.141 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $16.202 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 78.5 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 45.7 years (2025 est.) |
| Urbanization | 50.3% of total population (2023) |
| Government | parliamentary republic |
| Independence | 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia) |
| Languages | Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina’s GDP is $64.641 billion (2024 est.) in purchasing-power-parity terms. At official exchange rates it stands at $28.343 billion (2024 est.). Real GDP grew 2.5% (2024 est.). See where Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks among all 195 countries by GDP.
POWER --/100 — The Magna Power score is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — nine components, 135 indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum 0 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
The quarter's signal was silence: no major domestic development, no external shock, no diplomatic breakthrough.
The country's course remains what it was in June — set by structural realities that no single quarter rewrites.
- What our model rewards: inflation tamed at 1.7%; public debt under 40% of GDP — room to maneuver
- What drags it down: fertility of 1.1 children per woman — below replacement, the cradle is emptying; a current-account deficit of $1 billion (4.1% of GDP) — living beyond its means
Coal, Iron ore, Antimony, Bauxite, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Cobalt, Manganese, Nickel, Gypsum, Salt, Timber, Hydropower.
Energy is the physical base of economic power — what a country can generate, move and burn decides what it can build, sell and defend.
| Electricity access | 100% (2022 est.) |
|---|---|
| Installed capacity mix (CIA) | fossil fuels: 64% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 31.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) |
| Energy consumption per capita (CIA) | 91.227 million Btu/person (2023 est.) |
| Electricity generation (OWID) | 15.1 TWh (2024) |
| Electricity generation mix (OWID) | Coal 62.2%, Hydro 32.3%, Solar 2.2%, Wind 1.7%, Oil 1.3%, Gas 0.1% (2024) |
| Low-carbon share of electricity (OWID) | 36.5% (2024) |
| Carbon intensity of electricity (OWID) | 638.0 gCO2/kWh (2024) |
Sources: CIA World Factbook, Energy section; Our World in Data (IEA/Ember), 2024.
Trade shows what the world buys from a country and what the country must buy from the world — the balance between the two is a direct measure of economic leverage.
| Exports | $12.141 billion (2024 est.) |
|---|---|
| Imports | $16.202 billion (2024 est.) |
| Trade balance (calculated) | Deficit of $4.1 billion (2024), calculated from the CIA export and import figures above. |
| Key industries | steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining |
Source: CIA World Factbook, Economy section.
Borjana Krišto — Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers. Chairperson of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairperson since 16 July 2025; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat); Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat)
Bosnia and Herzegovina maintains 43 embassies and 6 consulates abroad, hosts 45 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, UN Geneva, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 43 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 6 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 45 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, UN Geneva, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg |
Source: Abroad: Consular Affairs Center, of-country ranking, Jan 2026 (43/6; Mar 2026 confirms 43/6), Zenodo https://zenodo.org/records/18109976/ . Hosted: Consular Affairs Center in-country ranking, Jan 2026 (Sarajevo 45). Multilateral rosters as for AUT.
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Coastal — 20 km of coastline. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 20 + 3 heliports (registration prefix T9) |
| Major seaports | Neum |
| Railways | 965 km |
| Pipelines | 147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013) |
Major airports
Banja Luka International Airport (BNX) — Mahovljani; Mostar International Airport (OMO) — Mostar; Sarajevo International Airport (SJJ) — Sarajevo; Tuzla International Airport (TZL) — Dubrave Gornje.
Terminals
| River ports | Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River) |
|---|
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | parliamentary republic |
|---|---|
| Next election | No election currently scheduled. |
POWER --/100 Ranked #-- of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Historical timeline of Bosnia and Herzegovina
This profile covers the population, economy, natural resources, leaders, and history of Bosnia and Herzegovina — with the Bureau’s live national-power score of --/100, ranking #-- of 195 countries.
What is Bosnia and Herzegovina's power score?
Bosnia and Herzegovina has a Magna Power score of --/100. The score measures structural power — the proven capacity to shape events — across nine components.