Kazakhstan — Country Profile
Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Kazakhstan: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna Power score (--/100, ranked #-- of 195).
Last updated: October 2026
Kazakhstan is in Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe. It covers 2,724,900 sq km. Terrain: vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south. Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid.
| Capital | Astana |
|---|---|
| Population | 20,432,662 (2025 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $739.385 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $35,900 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 4.8% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 8.8% (2024 est.) |
| Unemployment | 4.8% (2024 est.) |
| Public debt | 20.9% of GDP (2023 est.) |
| Exports | $91.908 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $74.246 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 73.3 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 32.1 years (2025 est.) |
| Urbanization | 58.2% of total population (2023) |
| Government | presidential republic |
| Independence | 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union) |
| Languages | Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 80.1%, Russian 83.7%, English 35.1% (2021 est.) |
Kazakhstan’s GDP is $739.385 billion (2024 est.) in purchasing-power-parity terms. At official exchange rates it stands at $288.406 billion (2024 est.). Real GDP grew 4.8% (2024 est.). See where Kazakhstan ranks among all 195 countries by GDP.
POWER --/100 — The Magna Power score is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — nine components, 135 indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum +2 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
Kazakhstan kept playing the multi-vector game well — the Middle Corridor's relevance growing, official visits westward, growth holding near 5%.
Steady statecraft on the land bridge that matters: modestly positive, earned.
- What our model rewards: public debt under 21% of GDP — room to maneuver; unemployment near 4.8% — work for whoever wants it
- What drags it down: only 15% of electricity from low-carbon sources
Oil, Natural gas, Coal, Iron ore, Manganese, Chromium, Nickel, Cobalt, Copper, Molybdenum, Lead, Zinc, Bauxite, Gold, Uranium.
Energy is the physical base of economic power — what a country can generate, move and burn decides what it can build, sell and defend.
| Electricity access | 100% (2022 est.) |
|---|---|
| Installed capacity mix (CIA) | fossil fuels: 87.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 1.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 8.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) |
| Energy consumption per capita (CIA) | 172.936 million Btu/person (2023 est.) |
| Primary energy consumption (OWID) | 862.1 TWh (2024) |
| Electricity generation (OWID) | 118.0 TWh (2024) |
| Energy per capita (OWID) | 41,865 kWh per person (2024) |
| Electricity generation mix (OWID) | Coal 55.2%, Gas 27.8%, Hydro 9.6%, Wind 3.7%, Oil 2.1%, Solar 1.7% (2024) |
| Low-carbon share of electricity (OWID) | 14.9% (2024) |
| Carbon intensity of electricity (OWID) | 801.9 gCO2/kWh (2024) |
Sources: CIA World Factbook, Energy section; Our World in Data (IEA/Ember), 2024.
Trade shows what the world buys from a country and what the country must buy from the world — the balance between the two is a direct measure of economic leverage.
| Exports | $91.908 billion (2024 est.) |
|---|---|
| Imports | $74.246 billion (2024 est.) |
| Trade balance (calculated) | Surplus of $17.7 billion (2024), calculated from the CIA export and import figures above. |
| Key industries | oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials |
Source: CIA World Factbook, Economy section.
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev — President. President Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (since 20 March 2019)
Kazakhstan maintains 69 embassies and 23 consulates abroad. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 69 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 23 |
Source: Outbound: Consular Affairs Center (Yonsei Univ.), diplomatic & consular networks database, January 2026 report (Zenodo).
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Landlocked — no seacoast; exports move through transit corridors across neighbouring countries. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 132 + 32 heliports (registration prefix UP) |
| Railways | 16636 km |
| Pipelines | 658 km condensate, 15,429 km gas (2020), 8,020 km oil (2020), 1,095 km refined products, 1,975 km water (2017) (2020) |
Major airports
Aktau International Airport (SCO) — Aktau; Aktobe International Airport (AKX) — Aktobe; Almaty International Airport (ALA) — Almaty; Atyrau International Airport (GUW) — Atyrau; Baikonur Krayniy International Airport (BXY) — Baikonur; Hazrat Sultan International Airport (HSA) — Turkıstan; Kokshetau International Airport (KOV) — Kokshetau; Korkyt Ata International Airport (KZO) — Kyzylorda; Kostanay International Airport (KSN) — Kostanay; Manshuk Mametova International Airport (URA) — Uralsk.
Showing 10 of 15 major airports.
Terminals
| River ports | Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk) (Irtysh River) |
|---|
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | presidential republic |
|---|---|
| Next election | No election currently scheduled. |
POWER --/100 Ranked #-- of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Kazakhstan.
Historical timeline of Kazakhstan
This profile covers the population, economy, natural resources, leaders, and history of Kazakhstan — with the Bureau’s live national-power score of --/100, ranking #-- of 195 countries.
What is Kazakhstan's power score?
Kazakhstan has a Magna Power score of --/100. The score measures structural power — the proven capacity to shape events — across nine components.