Canada — Country Profile
Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Canada: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna Power score (--/100, ranked #-- of 195).
Last updated: October 2026
Canada — in Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US. Political status: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution. It covers 9,984,670 sq km. 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster). Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast. Climate: varies from temperate in south to subar…
| Capital | Ottawa |
|---|---|
| Population | 39,187,155 (2025 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $2.341 trillion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $56,700 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 1.5% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 2.4% (2024 est.) |
| Unemployment | 6.5% (2024 est.) |
| Public debt | 61.3% of GDP (2023 est.) |
| Exports | $727.831 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $733.778 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 84.2 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 42.8 years (2025 est.) |
| Urbanization | 81.9% of total population (2023) |
| Government | federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution |
| Independence | 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster) |
| Languages | English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.) |
Canada’s GDP is $2.341 trillion (2024 est.) in purchasing-power-parity terms. At official exchange rates it stands at $2.241 trillion (2024 est.). Real GDP grew 1.5% (2024 est.). See where Canada ranks among all 195 countries by GDP.
POWER --/100 — The Magna Power score is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — nine components, 135 indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum -4 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
September was painful: the US banned roughly $1B of Canadian imports after imposing 50% tariffs on some $20B of goods over the summer, with dollar-for-dollar retaliation.
Carney's technocratic credibility held the line, but the quarter's momentum is clearly negative — the trade war is the story.
- What our model rewards: inflation tamed at 2.4%; life expectancy of 84 years — among the longest-lived peoples on Earth
- What drags it down: fertility of 1.4 children per woman — below replacement, the cradle is emptying
Bauxite, Iron ore, Nickel, Zinc, Copper, Gold, Lead, Uranium, Rare earths, Molybdenum, Potash, Diamonds, Silver, Timber, Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Hydropower.
Energy is the physical base of economic power — what a country can generate, move and burn decides what it can build, sell and defend.
| Electricity access | 100% (2022 est.) |
|---|---|
| Installed capacity mix (CIA) | fossil fuels: 18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); nuclear: 13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) |
| Energy consumption per capita (CIA) | 311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.) |
| Primary energy consumption (OWID) | 3,886.2 TWh (2024) |
| Electricity generation (OWID) | 627.2 TWh (2024) |
| Energy per capita (OWID) | 97,785 kWh per person (2024) |
| Electricity generation mix (OWID) | Hydro 55.3%, Gas 15.7%, Nuclear 13.7%, Wind 7.2%, Coal 4.2%, Solar 1.3%, Oil 0.9% (2024) |
| Low-carbon share of electricity (OWID) | 79.3% (2024) |
| Carbon intensity of electricity (OWID) | 174.8 gCO2/kWh (2024) |
Sources: CIA World Factbook, Energy section; Our World in Data (IEA/Ember), 2024.
Trade shows what the world buys from a country and what the country must buy from the world — the balance between the two is a direct measure of economic leverage.
| Exports | $727.831 billion (2024 est.) |
|---|---|
| Imports | $733.778 billion (2024 est.) |
| Trade balance (calculated) | Deficit of $5.9 billion (2024), calculated from the CIA export and import figures above. |
| Key industries | transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas |
Source: CIA World Factbook, Economy section.
Mark Carney — Prime Minister. King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)
Canada maintains 98 embassies and 38 consulates abroad, hosts 127 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, OAS Washington. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 98 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 38 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 127 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, OAS Washington |
Source: Lowy Institute Global Diplomacy Index 2024 via Wikipedia 'List of countries by number of diplomatic missions' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_diplomatic_missions ; hosted: Consular Affairs Center Jan 2026 report (in-country ranking) https://zenodo.org/records/18109976
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Coastal — 202080 km of coastline. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 1459 + 506 heliports (registration prefix C) |
| Major seaports | Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor |
| Railways | 49422 km |
| Pipelines | 840,000 km oil and gas (2020) |
| Top container ports (TEU) | Vancouver (3,678,952 TEU, 2021); Montreal (1,585,465 TEU, 2021) |
Major airports
Calgary International Airport (YYC) — Calgary; Edmonton International Airport (YEG) — Edmonton; Halifax / Stanfield International Airport (YHZ) — Halifax; John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport (YHM) — Hamilton; Kelowna International Airport (YLW) — Kelowna; Montreal / Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL) — Montréal; Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport (YOW) — Ottawa; Quebec Jean Lesage International Airport (YQB) — Quebec; Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport (YXE) — Saskatoon; St. John's International Airport (YYT) — St. John's.
Showing 10 of 15 major airports.
Terminals
| LNG import terminals | Saint John |
|---|---|
| Oil terminals | Lower Lakes terminal |
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
|---|---|
| Last election | 2025 — federal; 2025-04-28; winner: Mark Carney (Liberal); 169/343 minority Wikipedia |
| Next election | 2029 — general (scheduled) |
Source: constitutional schedule / public election calendar
POWER --/100 Ranked #-- of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Canada.
This profile covers the population, economy, natural resources, leaders, and history of Canada — with the Bureau’s live national-power score of --/100, ranking #-- of 195 countries.
What is Canada's power score?
Canada has a Magna Power score of --/100. The score measures structural power — the proven capacity to shape events — across nine components.