Mongolia — Country Profile
Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Mongolia: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna Power score (--/100, ranked #-- of 195).
Last updated: October 2026
Mongolia — in Northern Asia, between China and Russia. Political status: semi-presidential republic. It covers 1,564,116 sq km. in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China). Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central. Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges).
| Capital | Ulaanbaatar |
|---|---|
| Population | 3,281,676 (2024 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $59.221 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $16,800 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 4.9% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 6.8% (2024 est.) |
| Unemployment | 5.5% (2024 est.) |
| Public debt | 67.6% of GDP (2021 est.) |
| Exports | $15.501 billion (2023 est.) |
| Imports | $13.545 billion (2023 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 71.9 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 28.8 years (2025 est.) |
| Urbanization | 69.1% of total population (2023) |
| Government | semi-presidential republic |
| Independence | 29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China) |
| Languages | Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999) |
Mongolia’s GDP is $59.221 billion (2024 est.) in purchasing-power-parity terms. At official exchange rates it stands at $23.586 billion (2024 est.). Real GDP grew 4.9% (2024 est.). See where Mongolia ranks among all 195 countries by GDP.
POWER --/100 — The Magna Power score is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — nine components, 135 indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum 0 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
Little moved in Jul–Sep 2026: no crisis, no windfall. The quarter simply confirmed the country's standing course.
Deeper forces — trade patterns, regional stability, institutional strength — will decide the trajectory; three months rarely do.
- What our model rewards: unemployment near 5.5% — work for whoever wants it
- What drags it down: only 10% of electricity from low-carbon sources; graded on patchy data (93% complete) — read the score as an order of magnitude
Oil, Coal, Copper, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Phosphates, Tin, Nickel, Zinc, Gold, Silver, Iron ore.
Energy is the physical base of economic power — what a country can generate, move and burn decides what it can build, sell and defend.
| Electricity access | 100% (2022 est.) |
|---|---|
| Installed capacity mix (CIA) | fossil fuels: 90.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 2.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) |
| Energy consumption per capita (CIA) | 67.132 million Btu/person (2023 est.) |
| Electricity generation (OWID) | 8.4 TWh (2024) |
| Electricity generation mix (OWID) | Coal 86.2%, Wind 6.7%, Oil 4.2%, Solar 2.3%, Hydro 0.7% (2024) |
| Low-carbon share of electricity (OWID) | 9.7% (2024) |
| Carbon intensity of electricity (OWID) | 784.0 gCO2/kWh (2024) |
Sources: CIA World Factbook, Energy section; Our World in Data (IEA/Ember), 2024.
Trade shows what the world buys from a country and what the country must buy from the world — the balance between the two is a direct measure of economic leverage.
| Exports | $15.501 billion (2023 est.) |
|---|---|
| Imports | $13.545 billion (2023 est.) |
| Trade balance (calculated) | Surplus of $2.0 billion (2023), calculated from the CIA export and import figures above. |
| Key industries | construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing |
Source: CIA World Factbook, Economy section.
Uchral Nyam-Osor — Prime Minister. President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)
Mongolia maintains 50 embassies abroad, hosts 26 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, UN Geneva. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 50 |
|---|---|
| Foreign missions hosted | 26 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, UN Geneva |
Source: Lowy Institute Global Diplomacy Index 2024 (released 2024-02-25), https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/; Wikipedia 'List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Mongolia; '... in Mongolia', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Mongolia
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Landlocked — no seacoast; exports move through transit corridors across neighbouring countries. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 37 (registration prefix JU) |
| Railways | 1815 km |
Major airports
Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport (ULN) — Ulaanbaatar; Ulaanbaatar Chinggis Khaan International Airport (UBN) — Ulaanbaatar (Sergelen); Altai Airport (LTI) — Altai; Arvaikheer Airport (AVK) — Arvaikheer; Bayankhongor Airport (BYN) — Bayankhongor; Bulgan Airport (UGA) — Bulgan; Choibalsan Airport (COQ) — ; Dalanzadgad Airport (DLZ) — Dalanzadgad; Khovd Airport (HVD) — Khovd; Mörön Airport (MXV) — Mörön.
Showing 10 of 12 major airports.
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28)
| Political system | semi-presidential republic |
|---|---|
| Next election | No election currently scheduled. |
POWER --/100 Ranked #-- of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Mongolia.
Historical timeline of Mongolia
This profile covers the population, economy, natural resources, leaders, and history of Mongolia — with the Bureau’s live national-power score of --/100, ranking #-- of 195 countries.
What is Mongolia's power score?
Mongolia has a Magna Power score of --/100. The score measures structural power — the proven capacity to shape events — across nine components.